基于ECMWF和WRF的嘉陵江流域面雨量预报精度评估

将降雨数值预报产品运用到水文预报中已经逐渐成为提高洪水作业预报的预见期的重要手段。为充分了解ECMWF(European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts)和WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)2种数值天气预报产品对嘉陵江研究区面雨量预报的预报精度和误差分布,且为增强洪水预报精度的稳健性提供科学支持,采用TS评分、空报率、漏报率、正确率等指标,对嘉陵江地区7个气象分区内的2016年汛期面雨量预报结果进行了检验,分析了不同分区内各检验指标与预报时效的关系。结果表明:ECMWF数值预报产品和WRF数值预报产品均可用于该地区晴雨预报,且2种产品的预报精度随降水等级的增大呈增大趋势,随预报时效的增加呈减小趋势。综合而言,ECMWF数值预报产品对嘉陵江研究区的预报效果更好。     

Precisely Controlled Microsphere Design via Visible‐Light Cross‐Linking of Functional Prepolymers

A new strategy for particle synthesis is enabled by utilizing modern synthetic, polymer, and photochemical techniques to facilitate the synthesis of highly narrow–disperse multifunctional microspheres from visible‐light induced crosslinking of prepolymers in both a single and dual polymer system. The approach requires no stabilizers, bases, or initiators, and proceeds at ambient temperature to yield microspheres with a tunable size range (0.25–5 µm) in less than 4 h, depending largely on solvent composition, but also polymer concentration (2–10 mg mL^?1), ratio, and irradiation intensity (3–20 W). Critically, the visible‐light induced dimerization reaction exploited herein enables simple functional particle syntheses via a single polymer system. Underpinned by an in‐depth kinetic analysis of the particle formation as well as a detailed small molecule study, the mechanism for particle formation is also elucidated. Importantly, inherent advantages of the system are exploited for surface functionalization of residual acrylate and hydroxyl groups (generating inherently fluorescent particles).     

Effect of heat pretreatment before isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation on the characteristics of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis) and Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) protein isolates

Heat treatment is a convenient way to eliminate the effects of endogenous enzymes on the industrial production of stable products. This study describes the preparation of protein isolates from oysters (OPI and HOPI) and krill (KPI and HKPI) by isoelectric solubilisation/precipitation (ISP) with or without heat pretreatment and comparatively presents their characteristics. The results showed that the solubilities of HOPI (24.08 ± 1.94%) and HKPI (42.29 ± 0.78%) were higher than those of OPI (13.46 ± 0.78%) and KPI (21.71.46 ± 1.51%), and the free and total sulphhydryl (-SH) content and surface hydrophobicity of HOPI and HKPI were higher than those of OPI and KPI, which are related to higher fat content of HOPI (10.37 ± 0.55%) and HKPI (34.89 ± 1.19%). SDS–PAGE and gel chromatography pattern results showed that macromolecular proteins were degraded by endogenous enzymes in OPI and KPI, while they remained unaffected in HOPI and HKPI. The FT-IR spectra showed similar patterns between OPI and HOPI and between KPI and HKPI. While the essential amino acid content was similar for OPI and HOPI (47.06 ± 1.33% and 47.93 ± 1.02%), that of KPI and HKPI (50.89 ± 0.89% and 51.19 ± 1.11%, respectively) was not significantly different.     

Mid-scale biocemented soil columns via enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP)

Biocemented soil columns were created at a reduced scale (mid-scale) using enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) as a prelude to field scale deployment. Approximately 0.3 m diameter × 0.75 m long columns were created using a tube-à-manchette grouting technique in 0.6 m × 0.6 m × 1.2 m boxes filled with a dry washed quarry sand. Treatment solution composition and treatment protocol, including number of cycles of treatment and time interval between cycles, were established based upon laboratory testing. The urease enzyme used in the treatment solution was extracted from jack beans in a just-in-time manner on site. The biocemented soil columns were characterized in situ using shear wave velocity, needle penetrometer and pocket penetrometer testing, dimensional measurements, and by unconfined compression strength (UCS) and carbonate content measurements on specimens recovered from the columns. The in situ measurements indicated the target UCS of 500 kPa was achieved. However, the UCS tests on recovered specimens had inconsistent results, which may be attributed to sample disturbance. Overall, the results demonstrate that EICP is a viable method for creating biocemented soil columns for ground improvement.     

Model of reactive precipitation process of preparation nano-ZnO in rotating packed bed: Contribution ratio

With excellent micromixing characteristic of rotating packed bed (RPB), many nanoparticles with small average size, narrower distribution and good morphology had been successfully and continuously prepared. To reveal complex crystal process, an empirical model were developed to simulate nano-ZnO by considering mass changed, population balance equation, growth rate G, nucleation rate B, drop sizes D_i, and resident time t. The predicted particle sizes were shown good agreement with experimental data with error of ±10%. Therefore, it was further adopted to predict the effects of rotating speed, liquid flow rate and reactant concentration on the mean particle size. To look more deeply insight in this process, their contribution ratios were further analyzed. The proposed empirical models were of great helpful to obtain suitable operation conditions for preparing much better properties of nanoparticles with fewer experiments. It was also beneficial to produce other nanoparticles in RPB.     

纳米颗粒氧化铈的制备研究

氧化铈由于具备独特的redox性能,在催化剂制备方面倍受关注。本文介绍了水热法、模板剂诱导均相沉淀法制备纳米颗粒氧化铈的合成工艺。在NaOH、NH3反应体系中,120℃、24h可获得肩峰较宽、具有CeO2、Ce3O3固溶峰的纳米结构氧化铈颗粒。粒径在5～15nm,比表面积为128 52m2/g;模板诱导沉淀法在(NH2)2CO为0 44mol、SDS为0 02mol、Ce(NO3)3·6H2O为0 01mol、反应72h,可制备出比表面积为155 08m2/g,粒径为10nm、孔径(poresize)为10 07nm的氧化铈。两种合成方法均可制备出具有催化剂所要求的、较高内比表面积和较好纳米结构相的氧化铈颗粒。     

超细Nb_20_5粉末的研制

对采用均匀沉淀法制备陶瓷电容器级(平均粒径为0.1-0.2μm的超细粉末)Nb2O5粉末的最佳工艺条件进行了探讨,研究了均匀沉淀过程中,反应温度、沉淀终点pH值、反应物浓度、脱水剂和添加剂以及焙烧温度对Nb(OH)5粉体粒度分布及粒径的影响。利用TG-DTA、SEM、XRD、比表面积测试仪(BET)和CILAS粒度测试仪进行了测定,结果表明:当H2NbOF5浓度在0.2~0.4M时,以NH3·H2O作沉淀剂,用乙醇、丙酮等作脱水剂,所获沉淀在80~100℃干燥后,制备的Nb(OH)5粉体粒度均匀且分布窄,其平均粒径为0.07 μm,经700℃焙烧后,可制得粒度分布窄、团聚少、比表面积为14.44 m2/g、平均粒径为0.1 μm,且纯度>99.95%的陶瓷电容器级Nb2O5微粉体。该方法具有设备简单、工艺流程短、污染小,产品纯度高等特点。     

液相共沉淀法制备超细In2O3·SnO2复合粉末

研究用金属铟(纯度99.99%)和锡酸钠为原料制备In2O3·SnO2(ITO)复合粉末的工艺过程.在In3+浓度150g/L,(NH4)CO3浓度200g/L,沉淀温度323～343K,滴速1drop/s,pH=6～7,强力搅拌,烘干温度353～373K,焙烧温度973～1173K等适宜条件下制备出ITO超细复合粉末.产品平均粒径0.05μg左右,颗粒为球形,分布较均匀,流动性好,适于制备高密度的ITO靶材.     

井群降水在黄河一级阶地的应用

结合三盛公黄河特大桥一级阶地富水砂粘土、粘砂土、粉细砂地层中采用井群降水明挖承台施工的方法，介绍了井群降水设计与施工技术。     

影响中国大气降水稳定同位素组成的主要因素分析

本文根据中国大气降水同位素监测网近几年来（1985～1993年）20多个台站的监测结果，以相关分析的形式，探讨了各种气象要素、地理环境因素，对形成我国大气降水稳定同位素组成的影响机理和结果。给出了中国大气降水稳定同位素月雨量加权平均值区域分布图。